BMEH582040

BMEH582040

盡管硅是電子工業(yè)的支柱，但其他半導(dǎo)體往往還是會(huì)用于需要高壓和高頻操作或需要耐受高溫的專(zhuān)業(yè)應(yīng)用。這些其他種類(lèi)半導(dǎo)體具有寬禁帶 (WBG) 的特點(diǎn)。禁帶寬度是指在半導(dǎo)體中釋放電子實(shí)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)電所需的能量。與硅相比，這些材料的電氣特性有顯著區(qū)別。WBG半導(dǎo)體的禁帶寬度為2eV至4eV，而硅的禁帶寬度為1eV至1.5eV。氮化鎵 (GaN) 就是一種成熟的商業(yè)化WBG半導(dǎo)體。

WBG的特性

在硅MOSFET中，高于100°C的溫度會(huì)影響受控開(kāi)關(guān)，因?yàn)橐恍╇娮訒?huì)從熱量（而非開(kāi)關(guān)電壓）中獲得足夠的能量，從而逃離母原子。由于WBG半導(dǎo)體的電子需要更多能量才能從原子中逃離并實(shí)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)電，因此直到溫度達(dá)到300°C時(shí)，GaN晶體管才會(huì)出現(xiàn)相同的效果。

WBG半導(dǎo)體具有比硅更高的擊穿電壓（高于600V），其原理很復(fù)雜，但部分原因是由于一種稱(chēng)為電子飽和速度（也稱(chēng)為電子遷移率）的特性。更高的遷移率使WBG半導(dǎo)體材料能夠處理兩倍于硅的電流密度 (A/cm2)。這一特性也使得GaN HEMT的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間僅為硅MOSFET翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間的四分之一。

由于寄生電阻和電極電阻的影響，所有半導(dǎo)體晶體管都會(huì)出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)通功率損耗，此外諸如電極間電容等其他因素也會(huì)導(dǎo)致功率損耗。這些損耗發(fā)生在每次開(kāi)關(guān)晶體管時(shí)，并且與開(kāi)關(guān)頻率和電機(jī)電流成正比。GaN HEMT的寄生電阻和電極電阻約為硅MOSFET的一半，電極間電容約為后者的五分之一。這種差異表明，對(duì)于給定的開(kāi)關(guān)頻率和電機(jī)電流，GaN HEMT的開(kāi)關(guān)損耗約為硅MOSFET的10%至30%。IGBT在高頻下表現(xiàn)出比MOSFET更低的開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，但效率仍遠(yuǎn)低于GaN HEMT。

GaN HEMT還有一項(xiàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)是這種晶體管不會(huì)遭受反向恢復(fù)電荷的影響。反向恢復(fù)電荷是指硅MOSFET從導(dǎo)通到關(guān)斷時(shí)剩余的少數(shù)載流子電荷的耗散，它會(huì)導(dǎo)致硅MOSFET的開(kāi)關(guān)電流過(guò)沖（振鈴），從而可能導(dǎo)致EMI。

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