KL2408

KL2408一個以太網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常由大量的終端（計算機、電子設(shè)備）和橋接器（交換機、網(wǎng)關(guān)等）組成。與所選擇的傳輸協(xié)議無關(guān)，數(shù)據(jù)被封裝在以太網(wǎng)幀中，從發(fā)送方通過幾個橋接（hop）到接收方。幀的傳輸方式是不確定的。路由內(nèi)的網(wǎng)橋以更快或更慢的速度轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)幀（存儲轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)、直通）。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)擁堵的情況下，幀有時會被緩沖的時間。在壞的情況下，它們甚至可能丟失。

工業(yè)以及汽車系統(tǒng)需要低的、確定的延遲，重要的是需要可靠的傳輸，沒有幀丟失的風(fēng)險。流量整形（IEEE 802.1Q--服務(wù)質(zhì)量的一部分）被用于此目的。流量整形定義了網(wǎng)橋應(yīng)如何根據(jù)優(yōu)先級處理幀的策略。例如，有幾個關(guān)于流量整形的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，例如：

- IEEE 802.1Qav, 時間敏感流的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)和排隊增強（FQTSS），也常被稱為基于信用的整形（CBS）

- IEEE 802.1Qbv, 增強預(yù)定流量，通常也被稱為時間感知整形（TAS）

- IEEE 802.1Qch, 循環(huán)排隊和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)

- IEEE 802.1Qcr, 異步流量整形

其中CBS和TAS主要應(yīng)用于汽車領(lǐng)域。 通過基于信用的整形，每個以太網(wǎng)設(shè)備收到一個信用，用于發(fā)送幀。只要信用仍然是正數(shù)，設(shè)備就可以繼續(xù)傳輸。

之后，它等待，直到信用被補充。這種策略能夠有效地利用帶寬。沒有預(yù)先定義的時間槽。需要不定期發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的節(jié)點可以收集他們的信用并一次性用完。

用CBS配置AVB網(wǎng)絡(luò)是相對簡單的。相比之下，時間感知整形TAS策略是基于時隙模型的。它不再基于要發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)量，而是基于傳輸?shù)念l率。節(jié)點不再被允許在任何長度的時間內(nèi)發(fā)送，但它們被保證允許非常有規(guī)律地發(fā)送。因此，可以實現(xiàn)一個明顯更低和更確定的延遲。

然而，Qbv的缺點是網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬并不總是被有效利用。如果節(jié)點不使用他們的時間槽，這些槽以及帶寬就會丟失。  

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